Factor X: Studies in Sustainable Natural Resource Management

Factor X was established under the leadership of Harry Lehmann and the German Environment Agency (UBA), following the pioneering work of Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek on resource productivity. Earlier volumes laid the scientific foundations for understanding the physical and political dynamics of natural-resource use and for identifying the systemic leverage points of efficiency.

Building on this tradition, the series now expands its focus from efficiency toward resource coherence—the alignment of material, institutional, and human systems so that societies can regenerate their capacity to thrive. It provides a platform for research across natural and social sciences, bridging engineering, economics, governance, and human development. The aim is not to repair isolated parts of a failing system, but to explore how entirely new configurations of knowledge, organization, and purpose can emerge to help humanity live into the next normal. Contributors combine empirical precision with transformative intent. Each volume convenes scientists, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and educators who seek actionable insights for redesigning the conditions of flourishing life on a finite planet.

Factor X builds on the shoulders of those who revealed the limits of the old system—and invites a new generation to design what comes after it.